Click here for the OSHA chemical data site and here for a multicompany MSDS aggregate search. If you spill/injure yourself contact medical professionals and read the MSDS, do not post to this reddit. Yes links to blogs, images, videos, comics, and infographics are okay especially if they are on your personal website. No physorg, sciencedaily, or other press release aggregator spam! If a caption or explanation is included this helps, but please use your discretion.īefore asking about chemical drawing/illustration programs, look at your school's IT/software website and see if they provide an institutional license of ChemDraw (hint: if they have a chemistry department, they will) Likewise, simple pictures of uninteresting and garden variety chemistry-related things are not appreciated. No memes, rage comics, image macros, reaction gifs, or other "zero-content" material. However, academic discussions on pharmaceutical chemistry and the science of explosives are permitted. At this time,Īre next three lowest configurations and they are written in (low energy -> high energy) order.Rules: Violating a rule will result in a ban.Īsk homework, exam, lab, and other undergraduate-level questions at ChemicalForums otherwise it will be deleted.ĭiscussions on illicit drug synthesis, bomb making, and other illegal activities are not allowed and will lead to a ban. Well, if you are not familiar with the very structure of atomic Hamiltonian, we can just concentrate on the energy difference between atomic orbitals and spin-spin interaction. $2s^12p_i^12p_j^12p_k^1$ (since $2s$ and $2p$ have different energy with more than one electron)Īre next three lowest configurations and unfortunately we cannot determine the order of them here. $2s^22p_i^12p_j^1$ (two $p$ electrons have opposite spin) Since 3 $p$ orbitals are equivalent and generally change of interaction between total momentum and atomic environment is smaller than change of kinetic energy/repulsion potential of electrons, by changing states of electrons, If you and your group want to study the structure of atomic Hamiltonian strictly, any other configurations that deviate from Hund's-ground-state will be next excited states, since they produce more powerful momenta-quantum mechanical factors interaction that you cannot figure out yet. You might be confused if you try to understand this using $\sum m$ and $\sum s$ merely, so don't be worry about how to explain the interaction numerically at this time. Here spin-orbit interaction is the one of main ideas of the interaction between total angular momentum and other factors. Atomic Hamiltonian has several terms kinetic energy of electrons + repulsion between electrons + attraction between electrons and protons + (spin-orbit interaction) + (etc). Why? That's the way to lower the interaction between total momentum and any other factors. If we go further, $2s^22p_i^12p_j^1$ where $i,j=x,y,z$ and both spins need to be same. Hund's rule can tell us what the lowest electron configuration is and firstly originated from the way to choose a state of lowest interaction between total momentum and entire atomic environment within given electron configuration.īy Hund's rule, lowest electron configuration of carbon atom is $2s^22p^2$. Here you seem to have an idea dealing with angular and spin momenta. The first excited state of carbon $C^*$, and the one that explains the existence of $C(+4)$ chemical compounds, is $2s^12p_x^12p_y^12p_z^1$ where all three lone 2p electrons have the same $m_s$ value.Įlectron configuration means the distribution of electrons in atomic (or molecular) orbitals. $1s^2 2s^2 2p^2$ or with some added detail $1s^22s^22p_x^12p_y^1$ and because $=1s^2$, carbon's electron configuration (ground state) can be written as: Overall we can write the electron configuration of carbon as: Bearing in mind that to satisfy Hund's Rule the latter two 2p electrons are divided over one $p_x$ and one $p_y$ sub-orbital, each with one electron of the same spin quantum number ($m_s=-\frac$). The first 2 occupy the lowest energy atomic orbital possible, that is 1s, so we have $1s^2$ for the first term.įor the remaining four electrons, the next two lowest available atomic orbitals are 2s and 2p and following the above rules that gives us $2s^2$ and $2p^2$. By 'electron configuration' can be understood the way an atom's electrons are arranged in atomic orbitals, in accordance with Pauli's Exclusion Principle, the Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule, of the lowest possible total energy (known as the Ground State).įor carbon (Z=6), six electron have to be placed in the correct atomic orbitals.
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